The most clearly articulated genre of pre-injury liability releases in Alabama are pre-race releases issued in the context of racetracks. See Barnes v. Birmingham Intern. Raceway, Inc., 551 So.2d 929, 932 (Ala. 1989). Until 1989, Alabama was the only jurisdiction in the country that upheld pre-race releases for negligent and wanton conduct; in 1989, the Supreme Court of Alabama held that “pre-race releases, although valid and consistent with public policy as to negligent conduct, are invalid and contrary to public policy as to wanton or willful conduct.”