In science, the most efficient way to test a theory is to attempt to disprove it. It’s called falsification. For example, you developed a theory on the cause of crime. You theory states that baldness in men causes their children to commit crime. To prove your theory you must study criminals and see if their fathers were bald. Similarly, you would have to study non-criminals to make sure that their fathers were not bald. So, how many people would you have to study to “prove” your theory beyond any doubt? The correct answer is that you would have to study every single person. If you didn’t study every single person, there’s always a chance that you missed a criminal whose father had a full heart of hair or missed a law abiding person whose father was bald, each of which would disprove you theory.
Falsification is far more effective and efficient. In this process, you set up your research to look for a single case that, if found, would disprove your theory. When that case is found, you examine it carefully and revise your theory accordingly or throw it out and start over.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability
In essence, according to falsification, nothing in science can ever be “proven” beyond any doubt. However, one negative case does disprove a theory. The theories that have been repeatedly tested and have not been falsified are the ones that science believe to be accurate, of course, always being open to any new data that would prove them wrong.